The history of civilizations is created by peoples and nations. The contribution made by Mongolian people to the civilization of mankind is significant, but mysterious. Both western and oriental scholars recognize the mysterious nature of the issues involved.

In accordance with the Great Khan's last will, the Mongol Empire was divided among his four sons. His eldest son, Zuchi, received the lands west of the Irtysh River. His second son, Tsagaadai, inherited the territory between the rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya. His third son, Ugudei, was given possession of western Mongolia and Tarbagatai. By tradition, the youngest son, Tului, obtained his father's ancestral land.

Guyuk, the oldest son of Ogodei, was born in 1206, the Year of Red Tiger. He was elevated to the throne by the Grand Assembly in 1246, the Year of Red Horse. One of his many important measures was the first registration of Mongolian population. In the field of foreign policy, he followed his father and continued to conquer many other countries. Guyuk Khan had passed away in 1248, in the Year of Yellow Monkey.

Mongke Khan was born in 1208, was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He ruled from 1208-1259.  Möngke was involved in the European campaign of 1236-1242 and he fought in the campaign against the steppe peoples of the Russian provinces, was involved in the destruction of Kiev, and the assault of Hungary.